Achieving air pollution standards in India, while lowering household cooking emissions, could substantially reduce mortality and improve the economy, this study finds. Levels of ambient air pollution in Indian cities are among the highest in the world. Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with premature mortality, but few studies have examined the benefits of decreasing ambient PM2.5 exposure in India. Maureen Cropper, Paramita Sinha and colleagues estimated the avoided mortality and economic benefits of lowering PM2.5 across India to the national annual average standard of 40 μg/m³ as well as to 25 μg/m³ and 15 μg/m³, which are interim targets set by the World Health Organization. The authors also evaluated the added value of a 50% reduction in the fraction of households burning solid fuels for cooking. In 2019 alone, cutting household air pollution in half and achieving the three PM2.5 targets would have saved more than 300,000 lives, 500,000 lives, and 675,000 lives, respectively. The decrease in household air pollution nearly doubles the estimated premature mortality avoided from achieving the Indian standard alone. In addition, the economic benefits of the policies are estimated at 2.2%, 3.6%, and 4.9% of Indian gross domestic product, respectively. According to the authors, implementing combined policies that aim to reduce both ambient and household air pollution in India would yield synergistic benefits for public health and the economy.